Document42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251GenCon0b9a24c0-4252-47bd-93c7-46c9173353bfGenCone8e5df22-7015-4deb-9585-e21487616c03Section25522df3-3cb0-4319-b011-8a96b1011a05truefalseTextcf81b049-f933-4c1c-abf9-02f1da016cd5truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0falseNormal1Text473a3ee7-e989-4f30-8844-c5a56ccf4534truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0falseNormal1Text6b3bfd57-a14c-48a2-976d-a93365d02d53truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0falseNormal1Text61b0ea95-b2df-42f1-9df6-99eeff17d225truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0falseNormal1Textf960175c-5563-4af2-ae85-76b75c205336truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0falseNormal1Text5dea0a1f-ee01-4196-bff2-6ade7619d1adtruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0falseNormal1Text2ba5e54e-0a6f-4583-befd-286c68afe7c8truefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Carbon Taxation MechanismfalseNormal1001falsefalsefalsetruefalse0003false1800Defaultfalsetrue0000000000Arabicfalsefalse0Tabfalse1Sectionee1770ad-3e38-46e4-9da0-196c65764559Paragraph203ba427-f759-4658-9034-812d9422791dtruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0falseNormal1Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0This paper was inspired by result of an update to the falseNormal1TextText25bea8a5-7626-4825-8517-1e4c58acb783truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>http://www.silvaelm.co.uk/about.shtml</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>Silva Elm About webpage</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>The name and development history</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef2truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3Silva Elm About webpagetrueNormal1Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 tracking the background leading to the Silva Elm name and subsequent history of developments culminating in the design of the Sense Editor. The Sense Editor was a spin-off development of a preceding Environmental Reporting software package with design based on the falseNormal1TextText8d887539-1a94-4b83-9d64-4da2731d2478truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/environmental-reporting-guidelines-including-mandatory-greenhouse-gas-emissions-reporting-guidance</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>UK's DEFRA Environmental Reporting - Guidelines for Company Reporting on Greenhouse Gas Emissions</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Link is to the more recent guidelines</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef2truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3UK's DEFRA Environmental Reporting - Guidelines for Company Reporting on Greenhouse Gas EmissionstrueNormal1Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0.falseNormal1TextTextbd8b7a42-5554-4496-8b99-d9d118ed05bftruefalsetruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName /><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>f0bfeac4-4b54-4d22-b3ef-fb4bf1d8355b</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>Citation</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>[1]</DisplayText><Superscript>true</Superscript><Tooltip>2013. 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The requirements remain wholly inadequate with direct and energy (indirect) energy related emissions reported only: outsourced emissions accounting is excluded. As a result, enterprises may grandly announce progress in emissions reduction while outsourcing emissions responsibility to upstream and downstream supply chain providers. The falseNormal1TextText2034845e-210b-4385-8a6a-63e06779077atruefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/energy-and-climate-change-committee/news/consumption-published/</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>outsourcing of manufacturing</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip /><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef2truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3outsourcing of manufacturingtrueNormal1Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 to Asia, notably China, is an obvious example and to an extent allowed the UK to claim significant reductions in global emissions since 2010. falseNormal1truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph736d1117-4cb8-4fd4-8867-e2655f79a5e3truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0With the UK a signatory to both the Kyoto and subsequent Paris climate change falseNormal1TextTextd654f0c0-3fc8-4bd9-932b-2d348f9bbfe3truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335383949_Effectiveness_of_the_Paris_Agreement</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>Protocols</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Effectiveness of the Paris Agreement</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef2truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3ProtocolstrueNormal1TextText68fb2c7b-a972-4995-a05b-103b0793ea70truefalsetruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName /><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>b24cc32b-05a1-4898-bb5b-eea7f306d37a</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>Citation</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>[2]</DisplayText><Superscript>true</Superscript><Tooltip>Warne, Ibrahim. 2019. Effectiveness of the Paris Agreement. [online]. [viewed 07 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335383949_Effectiveness_of_the_Paris_Agreement</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef2truefalsetruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalse0[2]trueNormal1Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0, it becomes apparent throughout this study that the failure to reign in greenhouse gas emissions is systemic by not only inadequately tackling the issue of emissions outsourcing, but also by not providing a framework to establish realistic carbon pricing at a truly international level, by allowing the use of underpriced carbon offsets, by recommending the use of an inappropriately long (100 year) climate metric time horizon for the measurement of both emissions and emission reductions and by not ensuring adequate climate financing.falseNormal1truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph68f6175d-be49-4151-9149-e15cf7ffc6f4truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0This paper examines each aspect of the perceived deficiencies of the Paris Climate Change Agreement and attempts to counter these within the context of a proposed global Carbon Taxation Mechanism comprising a Carbon Added Tax, Carbon Relief Vouchers as a taxation cushion and Carbon Additionality Schemes to generate Carbon Additionality Certificates within a framework of unified carbon pricing and taxation.falseNormal1truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00truefalseTextfd3584b2-baa0-4add-bd04-9361b3386bc7truefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse01. trueNormal1Text07323f7b-2445-4e35-8f8b-129137238fb8truefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0IntroductionfalseNormal1001truefalsetruefalsefalse0003false1600Defaulttruetrue0000000000Arabicfalsefalse0Tabfalse1Section825eea17-125d-4d00-b617-eda949028300Paragraph4912ac09-fde2-43a0-8940-693490bd20c4truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0falseNormal1Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0There are two, falseNormal1Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0diametric opposite, outsourcing issues that must be understood in order to plan a pathway towards effective climate change mitigation:falseNormal1truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Bullet49759a9a-9b49-40e5-962c-6e4c6f00900atruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal1Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Outsourced GHG Emissions measured in tonnes of CO2-eq. falseNormal1truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal000Bulletf5706035-d13a-4119-a0e9-81079d9bb9aaBullet1ab152b7-e438-417d-b473-6f48fa6f376btruefalseTextd46df480-deaf-4143-9e14-dc88b2c6e0b8truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal1TextTextd5e83801-2493-44fe-bb0b-e8106195fdc7truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.vox.com/2020/2/27/21154553/carbon-offsets-explained-climate-change</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>Carbon Offsets</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Carbon Offsets Explained</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3Carbon OffsetstrueNormal1Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 in measures of tonnes CO2-eqfalseNormal1truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal001Bullet5781d8b8-d69a-46b1-9d92-039631c7b198truefalseTextd46df480-deaf-4143-9e14-dc88b2c6e0b8truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? 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This difference cannot be magically drawn from the monetary cost. falseNormal2truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph8d8c60eb-4f74-4a29-965f-daafd221abc1falsefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0While environmental costs remain externalised from monetary cost, then regional based Carbon Taxation and schemes such as falseNormal2TextTextb8c47b9f-3c8a-4505-b256-be2404ca06d4truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.tni.org/en/article/350-reasons-that-carbon-trading-wont-work</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>Emissions Trading (ETS) and Carbon Offsetting can only fail</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>350 Reasons that Carbon Trading Won't Work</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3Emissions Trading (ETS) and Carbon Offsetting can only failtrueNormal2Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions - it is no surprise that the carbon dioxide concentration in the environment has surpassed the limit agreed by many of the world's leading scientists in the "Declaration on Climate Change" (falseNormal2TextText6a1899d0-911f-4d35-893f-86932c7e7bbatruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.resurgence.org/grafix/ecologist/covers/600/1999-03.jpg</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>Climate Crisis issue of the Ecologist Apr/May 1999</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip /><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3Climate Crisis issue of the Ecologist Apr/May 1999trueNormal2Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0).falseNormal2truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph3359c02f-70ae-4700-aa9a-11a843128b0dfalsefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Outsourced emissions is a truly global issue and it is difficult to comprehend how carbon taxation and emissions trading schemes could possibly halt the climb in atmospheric GHGs when they are applied in a patchwork of uncoordinated country or bloc arrangements. 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According to the falseNormal4TextText8038e320-cf89-4ca7-be83-54c57ad073d5truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.world-nuclear.org/nuclear-essentials/where-does-our-electricity-come-from.aspx</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>World Nuclear Association 2017 figures</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>2017 Electricity Generation</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef10truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3World Nuclear Association 2017 figurestrueNormal4Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0, 64.5%falseNormal4TextTextc5ff425b-0b88-45d7-9053-c697c5a7f702truefalsetruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName /><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>0369e1c5-1698-45f9-8edf-7536cac91ff1</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>Citation</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>[4]</DisplayText><Superscript>true</Superscript><Tooltip>2020. 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Supply is primarily via a complex distribution (grid) network which may be regional, national or trans-national. falseNormal4truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph4a9a44bc-1a41-4f66-afa2-744de4d8e3d7truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Electricity consumers supplied by the grid have no control over the generation mix of electricity so cannot justifiably claim their supply as 100% renewable. To overcome this barrier, a market, quite separate from the Carbon Offset market, has developed whereby electricity consumers may buy RECsfalseNormal4TextText7f2d2587-0a27-4e7f-af13-a45147379cb5truefalsetruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName /><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>ec4d440b-c267-4bd9-84c5-f2d3414f23f1</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>Citation</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>[5]</DisplayText><Superscript>true</Superscript><Tooltip>Kelley, Sarah. 2015. What is a Renewable Energy Certificate. [online]. [viewed 10 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/2015/08/24/what-is-a-renewable-energy-certificate-rec/#gref</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef10truefalsetruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalse0[5]trueNormal4Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0or regional/national equivalents that certify their energy is from a renewable energy provider. Through this market, many large corporations around the planet have adopted the strategy of purchasing RECs in order to declare their committment and contribution towards tackling climate change. falseNormal4truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraphb023ec0c-fbeb-413f-8db0-2090bf4bad5dtruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0falseNormal4Texttruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0An important distinction must be drawn between certified electricity generated from renewable energy schemes that verifiably reduce GHG emissions by displacement of polluting generation and those commonly regarded as avoidance schemes to satisfy rising energy demand. 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Irrespective of energy scheme, in the absence of effective and verifiable pairing to carbon offsets, renewable energy certificates may be attributed varying shades of grey-green marking a clear distinction between truly carbon neutral green energy and renewable energy. falseNormal4truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph69a05b0c-738e-418d-bb60-1434311c6791truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0In common with falseNormal4Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Carbon Offsets, there is no standard price for RECs - within the US in 2014, an falseNormal4TextTextff618c56-84af-48ef-bb21-106fbff8d532truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/unbundled-renewable-energy-certificates-recs</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>(unbundled) REC</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>More information on REC and the difference between Unbundles and bundled RECs</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef11truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3(unbundled) RECtrueNormal4TextText7d2d9d75-e493-473a-b18c-791c4abbdb91truefalsetruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName /><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>6eac0834-dde6-4d91-ae4e-badea9b81430</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>Citation</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>[6]</DisplayText><Superscript>true</Superscript><Tooltip>2018. Unbundles Renewable Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs). [online]. [viewed 10 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/unbundled-renewable-energy-certificates-recs</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef11truefalsetruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalse0[6]trueNormal4Texttruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 falseNormal4Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0could be bought for as low as $1falseNormal4TextText44234817-8fc6-49bb-ae66-fcf6638a3d08truefalsetruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName /><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>eba06cc0-81b8-49f6-94c5-b7cad03dfe70</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>Citation</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>[7]</DisplayText><Superscript>true</Superscript><Tooltip>2019. How renewable energy credit prices are set. [online]. [viewed 04 November 2020]. 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In the UK, supply utilities are alleged to be using a falseNormal4TextText5a6176c6-68d3-4e01-9e98-c39c144b1592truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://energypost.eu/stop-trading-renewable-energy-supply-certificates-speed-up-the-transition/</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>REC equivalent (REGO) trading loophole</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Stop trading renewable energy supply certificates, speed up the transition </Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef11truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3REC equivalent (REGO) trading loopholetrueNormal4TextTexte824a906-69cc-4825-9d01-0c487726b5b6truefalsetruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName /><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>548e0220-291d-43ce-9927-05c0dc6c3aca</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>Citation</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>[9]</DisplayText><Superscript>true</Superscript><Tooltip>Harrison, Thomas. 2019. 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Avoiding the Risk of Double Counting Emission Reductions under UNFCCC. [online]. [viewed 11 November 2020]. 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The GHG Protocol for Project Accounting. [online]. [viewed 07 November 2020]. 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Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). [online]. [viewed 10 November 2020]. 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Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). [online]. [viewed 10 November 2020]. Available from: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef6truefalsetruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalse0[14]trueNormal5Texttruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0.falseNormal5truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph847e7f35-ebc4-48b6-9d13-f0a2fd540d13truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Carbon Added Tax cannot be considered in isolation of its consequent effects of plunging many into further levels of deprivation without some form of cushioning mechanism applied in a non-discriminatory manner. 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The metric, however useful, cannot be used to assist with identifying cost effective abatement actions.falseNormal6truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal002truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal6Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Carbon Payback for (electricity regeneration) Energy Storage Systems will vary accordingfalseNormal6Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 to type of storage system whether, as examples, pumped hydro or battery based. falseNormal6truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal001Bulleta3dc14f2-f36d-4627-bbcf-88e4fbb4db57truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal6Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Carbon Payback for hydro-electric schemes would necessarily take into account not only the short term costs associated with infrastructure development but also long term effectsfalseNormal6Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 of land-use change which in some cases might substantially reduce or eliminate project justification.falseNormal7truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal001truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal6Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Renewable energy and energy storage systems (ESS) would necessarily include life cycle assessed GHG Valuations. 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For comparison, equivalent GTP valuations are 67 and 4.3.falseNormal7truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraphb052e61d-0f9d-441b-b788-acfd407f4004truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0The GWP 100 year time horizon metric has been widely adopted for falseNormal7TextText3ee4d94b-bc4f-45ea-8b34-361ab629b2bftruefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/methods-for-climate-change-transparency/common-metrics</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>GHG reporting</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>IPCCC Common Metrics</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef8truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3GHG reportingtrueNormal7Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 and submission of falseNormal7TextText79614503-9604-4d31-8bf4-93d2e7c6113dtruefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>C:\Documents and Settings\dave\My Documents\Docs\SilvaElm\EnvironmentalReporting\CarbonTaxationMechanism.sed</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>db211fe6-4905-4969-8680-b6f0a5eaafd8</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>National Greenhouse Gas Inventories</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Beyond the Energy Sector</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef8truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3National Greenhouse Gas InventoriestrueNormal7Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 but not without increasing concern as the effect of methane emissions become implicitely under-rated compared to the 20 year time horizon. 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The choice of a 20 year time horizon climate metric for product and service GHG valuation would be a pragmatic compromise and be consistent with the Paris Agreement timescale while addressing the scientific inconsistency, namely undervaluation, of methane and other climate damaging pollutants.falseNormal7truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00truefalseTexttruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse03.1.1. trueNormal7Texttruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Climate Metric and Time HorizonfalseNormal7001truefalsetruefalsefalse0003false1600Defaulttruetrue0000000000Arabicfalsefalse0Tabfalse3Section3214268a-4610-4cb1-a2da-78a3ba219f0eParagraphb8950b95-d8c6-48aa-97c1-0f35bb1441ebtruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0GHG Emissions Valuations would undoubtedly be subject to differing levels of uncertainty. 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Allocation of GHG Emissions values to products and services would necessarily fall on the supplier, not on the state, albeit an overseeing body for audit and certification would be needed possibly similar to the global falseNormal9TextText3edb7b1f-35c9-4523-903d-3e2fcd8e7712truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.flocert.net/</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>Fairtrade certifier FLOCERT</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip /><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3Fairtrade certifier FLOCERTtrueNormal9Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0. Without such certification, products would be subject to an "Emergency or Worst Case" Emissions Value that would put the supplier at a market disadvantage. Industries that have used Emissions Trading (or otherwise known as Cap and Trade) Schemes to continue polluting, often in already over-polluted locales, will similarly find themselves at a market disadvantage. falseNormal9truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph191149bc-62ab-473a-b7be-cf5086d80e20truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Once products and services are allocated GHG Emissions Values, even store Electronic Point of Sales systems may be straightforwardly modified to provide a monetised CAT balance itemising both product CAT and a store wide (services) value. falseNormal9truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraphde41fc3f-a8af-4f89-abc0-900c2f43abb9truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0The environmental cost of GHG Emissions is difficult to quantify and even more difficult to estimate a carbon pricing that will encourage the urgently needed acceleration in GHG emission reduction to limit global warming to the falseNormal9TextText368f808f-53f1-4de7-a851-cb47f76fc511truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>Paris Agreement</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip /><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3Paris AgreementtrueNormal9Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 2 degrees celcius peak above pre-industrial levels: falseNormal9truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Bulletaa4c43c8-f466-4998-8bbe-0a1e4119d3c0truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal9Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0The OECD has reported that carbon prices for falseNormal9TextTextc4f01ad9-44b4-4fcb-80ab-c0ad7c0b73dbtruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.oecd.org/ctp/tax-policy/few-countries-are-pricing-carbon-high-enough-to-meet-climate-targets.htm</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>most countries are not high enough</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip /><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3most countries are not high enoughtrueNormal9Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 to meet climatefalseNormal9Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 targets being significantly lower than the EUR 30 per tonne CO2 benchmark.falseNormal9truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal000Bullete7dd0862-8f01-4fc3-8b2a-82983b698526truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? 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However, to overcome inequity between developing and richer nations, or indeed between ethnic or socialogical groupings irrespective of nationhood, the application of CAT would be subject to a per capita relief threshold.falseNormal9truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph231112f0-ea6e-4da3-a93f-0ba79db488datruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0It is evident that the CAT Threshold would need to be annually adjusted to reflect progress in achieving the substantial GHG emissions reductions pledged at the falseNormal9TextTexta4777d73-3f67-4eb8-a602-a29f6a4cf6a5truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.carbonbrief.org/paris-2015-tracking-country-climate-pledges</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>COP21 Paris meeting in 2015</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip /><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3COP21 Paris meeting in 2015trueNormal9Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0. However, such is thefalseNormal9Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 voluntary nature of these non-binding Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) pledges and the absence of a globally agreed reduction target, it is appropriate to adopt the EU approach of achieving at least a 40% (domestic) emissions reduction by 2030 compared to 1990 levels but applying this at a truly global level to overcome the problem of outsourced emissions accounting discussed earlier. This approach parallels the falseNormal9TextTexta6dad1ab-dc8f-427d-8ac2-ad3951688187truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/cut-global-emissions-76-percent-every-year-next-decade-meet-15degc</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>26 November 2019 UNEP warning</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip /><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse326 November 2019 UNEP warningtrueNormal9Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 that global emissions must be cut by 7.6% every year for the next decade to meet the longer term 1.5 degree C Paris Agreement target. This amounts to a year on year 2.2 billion tonnes reduction from the current 36 billion tonnes of Energy Sector emissions to 13.4 billion tonnes by 2030 without taking into consideration less quantifiable emissions from other sources namely land use, land use change and forestry.falseNormal9truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00truefalseText46da0dc1-346f-468f-b67d-000ff687597btruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse03.2.1. trueNormal9Texttruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Carbon Added Tax Relief ThresholdfalseNormal9001truefalsetruefalsefalse0003false1600Defaulttruetrue0000000000Arabicfalsefalse0Tabfalse3Sectionaf2ab5b5-9d15-485f-9c2d-6e58209ba0ecParagraphd5a66e6d-c802-4488-86b9-9f639a602851truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0It would be unjust to impose the additional burden of a Carbon Added Tax on the worlds population without providing some form of lower income group relief. Such protection might be in the form of Carbon Tax Relief Vouchers (CRVs) that would be assigned either electonically or in material form to the adult population.falseNormal10truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraphd6381d73-27a9-4ffa-ace8-73e998297052truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0The implementation of CAT in conjunction with CRVs would be significantly more encompassing than existing ETS and Carbon Tax schemes and provide an alternative to, or otherwise strengthen, the newfalseNormal10Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 falseNormal10TextTextf4a0ac6c-f244-4d7d-a3ad-0de5883d18e1truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.wri.org/blog/2019/12/article-6-paris-agreement-what-you-need-to-know</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>carbon market concepts declared in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>What you need to know about Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef8truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3carbon market concepts declared in Article 6 of the Paris AgreementtrueNormal10Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 for which agreement between countries continues to fail. Rather than relying on bilateral and voluntary NDC agreements and cooperation between countries as frameworked in Article 6, CAT with CRVs offers an incentivised model for carbon accounting, carbon taxation and significant ratcheting up of the falseNormal10TextText6a18dd36-9b67-44a1-a559-d3f162c8623etruefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/documents/Paper%20no.195_1.pdf</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>Paris Agreement Financial Mechanism for climate financing</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Climate Financing and Transparency in the Paris Agreement</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef8truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3Paris Agreement Financial Mechanism for climate financingtrueNormal10Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0. falseNormal10truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph7b388407-a390-47f0-8aa7-96b7db4f4d0atruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0With CAT nominally expressed as a rate in US dollars per tonne GHG Emissions, it is pertinent to base the issue of CRVs on a per capita tonnes of GHG Emissions Threshold. The simplest approach would be tofalseNormal10Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 assign this threshold as a simple (6 tonne) per capita average of global energy sector (36 billion tonnes) GHG emissions for an adult (6 billion) world population. However, such a simplistic averaging approach might mask extreme inequities between lower income groups particularly within the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and those in the industrialised nations. falseNormal10truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph79ae8ebe-c617-4ce1-bc4f-455c9fc9f5cftruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0However the threshold is derived, the major objective would be to maximise world population inclusitivityfalseNormal10Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 into the task of tackling climate change.falseNormal10truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph012e6058-2dea-46c7-9ed7-3d5fd5e68a01truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0For this reason, and in contrast to straightforward income tax relief, CRV monetization (nominally tonnes to US dollars at the CAT rate) would not only provide relief up to the CAT threshold but for many would leave surplus funds. A key strategy would be to incentivise CRV utilisation beyond nominal valuation and basic CAT relief towards the adoption of cleaner, more efficient energy use and wider sustainable developments whether organised at local community or wider levels of society. falseNormal10truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph258f5c8b-24f0-4e69-bdf8-82d4663aadc0truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0The concept would especially benefit developing countries enabling resources to be directed into projectsfalseNormal10Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 designed inta-alia to improve health, housing, schooling, water supply and eco-friendly developments such as provision of low cost domestic solar water heating, conservation, eco-tourism, sustainable farming and afforestation / re-forestation. Ideally, such projects should develop from bottom-up local needs and with sufficient governance be encouraged to evolve into Carbon Offset schemes. It is considered AID agencies be able to provide a vital role in overseeing but not dictating the direction of these developments. falseNormal10truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraphf57edcc2-1530-45d0-a69d-32dfe0d19122truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0The falseNormal10TextText3e14750d-908b-4604-ae4e-669014225722truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>World Bank per capita figures for GHG emissions</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip /><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3World Bank per capita figures for GHG emissionstrueNormal10Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 in 2014 show 0.5 tonnes in Ghana whereas for Australia, China and the US it was 15.4, 7.5 and 16.5 respectively masking gross inequities of disadvantaged groupings within individual states. In the context of CAT, a more useful approach would be to use a per adult figure for GHG emissions. Using Ghana as example, with 36.5% of its 32 million population below the age of 15 in 2020, the per adult figure for emissions becomes approximately 2 tonnes leaving 4 of thefalseNormal10Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 proposed 6 tonne CRV threshold surplus. A two adult household would have USD 600 for focussed expenditure on, as example, a locally made thermo-syphon Solar Water Heating system. In Cyprus, falseNormal10TextText7b32cda9-36f6-44cc-8905-9826f580b3batruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320149127_Assessment_of_solar_water_heating_in_Cyprus_Utility_development_and_policy</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>locally made system installations might cost as low as 550 euros</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip /><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3locally made system installations might cost as low as 550 eurostrueNormal10Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0.falseNormal10truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00truefalseText535060d0-9909-4da3-aeba-ef7758a6e139truefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse03.2.2. trueNormal9Texttruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Carbon (Added Tax) Relief VouchersfalseNormal9002truefalsetruefalsefalse0003false1600Defaulttruetrue0000000000Arabicfalsefalse0Tabfalse3truefalseText09e4f2e1-db31-48f7-9993-e91859f32687truefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse03.2. trueNormal9Texttruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Carbon Added Tax (CAT)falseNormal9002truefalsetruefalsefalse0003false1600Defaulttruetrue0000000000Arabicfalsefalse0Tabfalse2truefalseText09e4f2e1-db31-48f7-9993-e91859f32687truefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse03. trueNormal4Texttruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Global Carbon Taxation SchemefalseNormal4003truefalsetruefalsefalse0003false1600Defaulttruetrue0000000000Arabicfalsefalse0Tabfalse1Sectionbda79487-3d49-415b-9c0f-7c689f2d6989Paragraph96dfb4ee-2c5a-4aed-a0d3-ceeb8ba4961ftruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Having focussed on the largely quantifiable Energy Sector GHG Emissions of 36 billion tonnes in 2019, total anthropogenic GHG emissions were estimated at 56 billion tonnes. Approximately falseNormal10TextTextcfe460f0-b99f-466e-b457-faf063c604e3truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/summary-for-policymakers/</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>23% of this total</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Anthopogenic GHG Emissions derive from Agriculture, Forectry and other Land Use</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef7truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse323% of this totaltrueNormal10Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse3 falseNormal10Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0(13 billion tonnes) is attributed to emissions from farming, forestry and other land use.falseNormal10truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph48fcd01b-428c-4783-8902-da2ffa4bb11btruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0A significant quantity of methane (CH4) emissions result from ruminent livestock such as cattle. 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Other greenhouse gases include Nitrous Dioxide (NO2) resulting from intensive application of artificial fertilisers.falseNormal11truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraphf52f844b-b5ef-4188-9625-d3b777a1d852truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Whereas the GHG Emissions value (Carbon Footprint) of non-food products would primarily reflect fossil fuel based (direct and indirect / fugative) emissions, applying a value to food products would need to account for, as examples, land-use change and emissions from lifestock. The Visual Capitalist provides afalseNormal11Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 revealing chart detailing the falseNormal11TextText57df1abe-6934-436c-baa1-4d7bc1f0a9a5truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualising-the-greenhouse-gas-impact-of-each-food/</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>Carbon Footprint of the Food Supply Chain</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip /><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3Carbon Footprint of the Food Supply ChaintrueNormal11Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 of a wide variety of foods - in particular, the GHG emissions relating to land-use change and methane emissions for producing 1 kilogram of beef are approximately 16.5kg and 39kg respectively with a total supply chain emission of 60 kg amounting to $4.5 CAT at falseNormal11Texttruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0(presumed rate) falseNormal11Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0$75/tonne (falseNormal11TextText333de6ef-28d1-4125-bdc7-d36019bd26f2truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>C:\Documents and Settings\dave\My Documents\Docs\SilvaElm\EnvironmentalReporting\CarbonTaxationMechanism.sed</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>ae9b2240-58db-49e3-be20-01416b9e9313</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>See Note*</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>It is assumed these figure are based on a 100 year time horizon</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef11truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3See Note*trueNormal11Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0). As comparison and on average, a falseNormal11TextText1e0954a9-5c4a-4bdb-a759-4ddd4ee70fa7truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/average-co2-emissions-from-new-cars-vans-2019</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>newly (2019) registered passenger vehicle in the EU</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip /><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3newly (2019) registered passenger vehicle in the EUtrueNormal11Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 would have to travel 490 km for this same emission. 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If this is correct, then the methane emissions based on a (GWP) 20 year time horizon would be increased by a factor of 3 raising the overall supply chain emissions to 138kg and CAT to over $10 for 1kg of beef. falseNormal11truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraphdb211fe6-4905-4969-8680-b6f0a5eaafd8truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Countries party to the UN's Climate Change Convention are required to submit falseNormal11TextTextd55bd3c5-3b9c-4f94-afa1-c40b8372dfbdtruefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/greenhouse-gas-data/ghg-data-unfccc/ghg-data-from-unfccc</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>national greenhouse gas inventories</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>GHG Data from UNFCCC</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef7truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3national greenhouse gas inventoriestrueNormal11Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 that include both (carbon sink) removals and source emissions from, not least, the burning of fossil fuels and that resulting from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF). 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Marginal Abatement Cost Curves (MACCs): Important Approaches to Obtain (Firm and Sector) Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Reduction.. [online]. [viewed 09 November 2020]. Available from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11050257.pdf</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef12truefalsetruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalse0[19]trueNormal14Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0: The cost of reducing emissions by 1 tonne CO2-eq. falseNormal14truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal000Bullet7ae29bb6-4e60-4c83-adc6-9f0de38801f9truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal14TextTexte9ec999d-cd1e-4b91-b114-db71a6bc7f6ftruefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30797/EGR2019.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>Emissions Gap</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>UNEP Eimissions Gap Report 2019</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef12truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3Emissions GaptrueNormal14TextText260267b0-adf6-42bc-91f8-e7f9c0fbf05ctruefalsetruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName /><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>5025645f-01c1-42b3-959d-57dc9d5236ab</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>Citation</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>[20]</DisplayText><Superscript>true</Superscript><Tooltip>2019. Emissions Gap Report. [online]. [viewed 12 November 2020]. 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A Comparison of Carbon Offset Standards. [online]. [viewed 12 November 2020]. 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to those emissions resulting from their internal value chain activities. falseNormal15truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph54ee3e61-bf7b-48fc-8b99-b980e709ae9ftruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Importantly, CAT returns would include CAC utilisation and facilitate, amongst other information, detailed sectorfalseNormal15Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 and regional statistics by recording both inputs and outputs as tonnes CO2-eq emissions:falseNormal15truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Bulletf18dde1f-371c-4537-90ac-182a487ee5d1Bullet198a61a0-784c-48cb-974f-794a13ce8c2atruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal15Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0direct, internal organisation (Scope1) emissions. falseNormal15truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal001Bulleta8eca136-563b-4bd4-b3dd-e089c432569dtruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal15Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0indirect (Scope 2) emissions resulting from energy purchase such as electricity. falseNormal15truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal001Bullet1af1b269-1434-42db-bb09-dc11d10d23b0truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal15Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0indirect (Scope 3 upstream) emissions.falseNormal15truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal001Bullet0e373527-e4da-49c7-b9e5-1396e0795b88truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal15Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0indirect (Scope 3 downstream) emissions resulting from (assumed) fuel combustion by end of supply chain (non CAT registered) consumer.falseNormal15truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal001truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal15Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0CAT returns would separately quantify entries as revenue expenditure according to emissions Scope as defined within the falseNormal15Texttruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0CDP Technical Note Accounting for Scope 2 EmissionsfalseNormal15TextTextfa064ec8-0151-4e51-a127-a2b39f04108dtruefalsetruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalse0<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName /><RelativePath 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CDP Technical Note: Accounting of Scope 2 Emissions. [online]. [viewed 16 June 2021]. Available from: https://b8f65cb373b1b7b15feb-c70d8ead6ced550b4d987d7c03fcdd1d.ssl.cf3.rackcdn.com/cms/guidance_docs/pdfs/000/000/415/original/CDP-Accounting-of-Scope-2-Emissions.pdf?1479752807</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsetruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalse0[22]trueNormal15Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0:falseNormal15truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal000Bulletb4580620-6a17-4947-8e6f-9713b69a200etruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal15Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Apart from input and output entries, CAT returns would also record CAC utilisation to adjustfalseNormal15Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 overall net CAT liability or gain a CAT rebate.falseNormal15truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal000Bullet5448577c-e618-4578-be8d-29437acfa386Bulletd9dc15a0-2f7e-4696-ba76-aa8327af4712truefalseTexta8261631-ffc3-4cd0-a772-0b73296959a7truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal15Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Deferred CAT would be required to be explicitely amortised into product and service charges determined by the supplying organisation according to tonne CO2-eq equivalence rather than input CAT rate.falseNormal15truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal001Bulletcd6fe716-904a-4c18-839e-309eb0f70379truefalseTexta8261631-ffc3-4cd0-a772-0b73296959a7truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal15Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Deferred CAT would be applied at the prevailing tonne CO2-eq rate with any difference to the original CAT input rate resulting in either a balance repayment or charge. falseNormal15truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal001Bullete3b1c93f-c321-4cfc-8413-fa4987a1b127truefalseTexta8261631-ffc3-4cd0-a772-0b73296959a7truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal15Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Although applicable to capital investment in general, deferred CAT would have specific relevance to Carbon Additionality Schemes with the option to offset up to a level of equalisation in the tonne CO2-eq measure by falseNormal15TextText54c5ccfb-f9c9-47bf-80c1-6dd764db90a3truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>C:\Documents and Settings\dave\My Documents\Docs\SilvaElm\EnvironmentalReporting\CarbonTaxationMechanism.sed</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>ac8c23c7-d08b-4b17-b72e-eea3480ff9b3</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>CAC purchase</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>CAC Purchase and Surrender</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef16truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3CAC purchasetrueNormal15Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 to achieve falseNormal15TextText46110a4d-70bf-4e69-bbf5-c409da987393truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>C:\Documents and Settings\dave\My Documents\Docs\SilvaElm\EnvironmentalReporting\CarbonTaxationMechanism.sed</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>82d96144-a6f9-484f-a86e-70f5c5fd6cb7</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>100% renewable status</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>100% renewable status versus Carbon Payback</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef16truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3100% renewable statustrueNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0. falseNormal16truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal001truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal15Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0CAT returns would separately detail CAT inputs arising from capital expenditure as deferredfalseNormal15Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 output CAT to be explicitely amortised into product and service pricing.falseNormal15truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal000Bullete3d526fa-9265-4b9f-aae0-0655b33ef1f6truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0CAC utilisation would differentiate between those generated by a registered enterprise's CAS and those purchased from the global CAC market. falseNormal16truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal000Bulletdd8ee871-37d6-4c36-b18f-44d17fe7f170truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0For registered enterprises that have invested into a CAS, CAT returns would provide further detailsfalseNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 of CAC utilisation differentiating allocation towards initial CAS investment repayment and those allocated to and sold on the global CAC market.falseNormal16truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal000Bulletbad86bf0-9e8a-40b1-be0c-aab5dc3c6540truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0CAT returns would differentiate between schemes that specifically provide direct carbonfalseNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 additionality through one-to-one tonnes CO2-eq reductions and those that, in the first instance, provide indirect carbon additionality through electricity generation in 1 MegaWatt Hour (MWh) measures via renewable energy and energy storage systems displacing emissions. 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The 10% measure would be based on the organisation's internally generated GHG emissions declared within the return.falseNormal16truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal000Bulletc08ebc3c-5326-4228-b430-4d85112eda3atruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Any CAC overcompensation excess in measures of tonnes CO2-eq up to the 10% limit would befalseNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 allowed to be brought forward as rollover into the succeeding CAT return. falseNormal16truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal000Bulletde064c46-4e4c-4e85-ac44-00461241671etruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0The return would detail any excess beyond the 10% rollover allowance required for surrender to the global CAC market with remuneration at the original CAC purchase price.falseNormal16truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal000Bullet15ef4b03-e8e2-403e-b6df-b661c01ebd68truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0CAT returns from enterprises and institutions that offset their emissions by renewable electricityfalseNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 feed-in will be expected to balance the difference between input and output by CAC (carbon additionality certification) from the energy recipient declaring both electricity supplied in terms of MegaWatt hours (MWh) and emissions reduction in tonnes CO2-eq.falseNormal16truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal000Bullet113d77d0-d253-44ce-953d-0f2798bae874truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0CAT returns that show a certified net additionality measured in tonnes CO2-eq in reducing emissions would be paid by the revenue at the applicable CAT rate.falseNormal16truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal000Section4a57359e-4685-4b98-86a5-e5f2dd6ce825Paragraph1e72e851-18e3-4c64-894a-43b0f4398048truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Although the term falseNormal16Text61d712e4-bf43-49bf-abb2-690a9fcda854Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0CfalseNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0arbon AdditionalityfalseNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0AdditionalityfalseMeta16truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0trueAnnotation16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 is falseNormal16TextText0580d166-d54f-461b-a4cc-de527842196ftruefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2019.1628695</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>subject to much debate over precise meaning</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Additionality Revisited</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef17truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3subject to much debate over precise meaningtrueNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0, for the purposes of this document it refers to the quantified net reduction of GHG emissions caused by the falseNormal16Texttruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0PairingfalseNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 of specific anthropological biosphere disturbance or activity with falseNormal16Texttruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Mitigating MeasuresfalseNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 within a falseNormal16Texttruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Valuation SystemfalseNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 thatfalseNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 truly reflects the impact and timescales of the various climate damaging gases: falseNormal16truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Bullet286b794b-6f03-412c-aaa4-fee7bc114313truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal16Texttruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0PairingfalseNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 is considered a key element towards the achievment of quantified net reductions.falseNormal16truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal000Bulletc92cada6-683e-4fea-8e39-645fd16d4fd0truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal16Texttruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Mitigating MeasuresfalseNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 include the use of (as examples) market based falseNormal16TextTextfed87406-8be4-4a95-961f-086e76f5504dtruefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>C:\Documents and Settings\dave\My Documents\Docs\SilvaElm\EnvironmentalReporting\CarbonTaxationMechanism.sed</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>26bc6dff-95e5-48ff-be0d-2ff3023e2275</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>renewable energy tracking mechanisms</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Renewable Energy Certificates in context of Carbon Offsets</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef17truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3renewable energy tracking mechanismstrueNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 as well falseNormal16TextTexte7148e49-0bba-434e-8e00-39ece8726db5truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>C:\Documents and Settings\dave\My Documents\Docs\SilvaElm\EnvironmentalReporting\CarbonTaxationMechanism.sed</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>bda79487-3d49-415b-9c0f-7c689f2d6989</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>LULUCF initiatives</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>LULUCF and Blue Carbon</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef17truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3LULUCF initiativestrueNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 falseNormal16truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal000Bulletc8a34003-a679-43b8-a9fd-6ba4433a6af8truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0? trueNormal16Texttruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Valuation SystemfalseNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 refers to the underlying requirement that falseNormal16TextText62a7fcaf-6cc3-4f4a-a96f-3d17a9a59d05truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>C:\Documents and Settings\dave\My Documents\Docs\SilvaElm\EnvironmentalReporting\CarbonTaxationMechanism.sed</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>3214268a-4610-4cb1-a2da-78a3ba219f0e</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>GHG measurement and / or estimation uncertainty is tackled</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Tackling Measurement Uncertainty</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef17truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3GHG measurement and / or estimation uncertainty is tackledtrueNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 by appropriate choice of a falseNormal16TextText0ec376c0-a6eb-410f-91a2-8358c8a100d8truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>C:\Documents and Settings\dave\My Documents\Docs\SilvaElm\EnvironmentalReporting\CarbonTaxationMechanism.sed</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>a15a72c3-b8d5-49e2-8b8b-d943b4a16e47</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>climate metric and time horizon</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Global Warming Potential with 20 years time horizon</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef17truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3climate metric and time horizontrueNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 to reduce leakage (disparity) between emissions and reductions.falseNormal16truefalsefalsefalsefalse0000false000DefaultfalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseNormal000Paragraphecb4468d-2ac6-4154-b4df-b588f0a73ec7truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Carbon Additionality Schemes would be voluntarily established by any CAT registered enterprise, trading or otherwise including individuals, cooperatives, collectives, public and government institutions as privately falseNormal16Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 financed ventures to quantifiably reduce GHG emissions. Such schemes would involve, inter alia, renewable energy and energy storage projects including those providing electricity grid feed-in, afforestation and reforestation. falseNormal17truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph84e9af07-9a4a-41e1-a075-5236d87f4f17truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Carbon Additionality Schemes would be required to undergo similar strict vetting and approvalfalseNormal17Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 methodologies as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects and would be expected to reject projects, as examples, involving reforestion of areas deforested for the purposes of reforestation, avoided deforestation and renewable energy projects that simply satisfy rising energy demand rather than displacing existing quantifiable GHG emissions.falseNormal17truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph8c4b302f-fc57-4272-ac1d-50e2b74c2d6ftruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0In common with CDM projects, carbon additionality schemes demonstrating additionality as a falseNormal17TextText41624ddd-3b2f-4cf7-bcee-bd51ff649958truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/catalogue/document?doc_id=000002183</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>small-scale project activity</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Guidellines to SSC CDM Methodologies</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef17truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3small-scale project activitytrueNormal17Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 would typically apply to those initiated by CAT registered concerns such as individuals, collectives and cooperatives. Although privately financed, projects intended as small scale and located in developing and least developed countries would be allocated special assistance status to allow external scheme assessment funding leading to an additionality rating not exceeding 60 kilo-tonnes CO2-eq per year.falseNormal17truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph8ddec9fd-7e7b-410a-b0c0-757b71985d21truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0CA schemes would be rewarded Carbon Additionality Certificates (CACs) measured in tonnes CO2-eq forfalseNormal17Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 the purpose of offsetting CAT liability and/or gaining a net income within falseNormal17TextTextb71ae8a6-80de-42ed-afe3-2a8bf26dfc27truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>C:\Documents and Settings\dave\My Documents\Docs\SilvaElm\EnvironmentalReporting\CarbonTaxationMechanism.sed</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>c4e664e9-9d09-4101-b5b7-36ab99da57d4</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>limitations</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Carbon Additionality Certificate Income Limitations</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3limitationstrueNormal17Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0. As falseNormal17TextTexta068f67b-55a8-4912-899d-73bc22fab475truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>C:\Documents and Settings\dave\My Documents\Docs\SilvaElm\EnvironmentalReporting\CarbonTaxationMechanism.sed</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>af0f0cca-f552-4886-b64b-ec81356b42b2</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>marginal abatement costs</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>The MAC is the cost of reducing emissions by 1 tonne CO2-eq </Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3marginal abatement coststrueNormal17Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 would be expected to progressively increase, early investment into Carbon Additionality Schemes would provide a level of future proofing against inevitable rises in the CAT rate.falseNormal17truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph7795d316-589e-4119-8f62-41dd86af5a3dtruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0It would be hugely vital that renewable energy and energy storage developments of capacity greater than 15MW qualify for Carbon Additionality Certificate reward in contrast to the limit imposed on falseNormal17TextTextb26cbf40-8cfa-424b-aaad-1319962c82d0truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://cdm.unfccc.int/Panels/ssc_wg/SSCWG10_repan_04_rev_AMS_I.A</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>CDM renewable energy projects.</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Renewable Energy Projects capacity limit of 15MW</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3CDM renewable energy projects.trueNormal17Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 Historically, these medium and larger scale developments have been typically dependent on winning a renewables auction that in some cases apply a falseNormal17TextTextf34e5fd7-8d69-4907-a0c9-21df548c45aetruefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2015/IRENA_RE_Auctions_Guide_2015_5_winner_selection.pdf?la=en&amp;hash=F45C1A24BD68F9AF3F52A264AF6C7B7E11940177</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>mixed (compound) bidding criteria</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Renewable Energy Actions</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3mixed (compound) bidding criteriatrueNormal17Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 aimed at achieving wider socio-economic-environmental objectives beyond the cheapest energy price. The application of mixed bidding criteria would be a pre-requisite for an energy project's consideration as a CAS.falseNormal17truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraphe15784f3-1e48-4201-b196-15a9a057c650truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Registered enterprises would have the option to decide on prioritisation regarding utilisation of Carbon Additionality Certificates. Schemes in less developed countries run by co-operatives may put proportionately higher priority on gaining wider social benefits rather than recouping initial investmentfalseNormal17Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 costs particularly if the scheme's finance was in some part the result of falseNormal17TextTexte1e3b4c7-2ce5-46e5-8152-047ecf2499d3truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>C:\Documents and Settings\dave\My Documents\Docs\SilvaElm\EnvironmentalReporting\CarbonTaxationMechanism.sed</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>af2ab5b5-9d15-485f-9c2d-6e58209ba0ec</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>CRV utilisation</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Carbon Tax Relief Vouchers</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef17truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3CRV utilisationtrueNormal17Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0. In contrast, registered enterprises wishing to declare emissions neutrality (net zero emissions) would prioritise additionality certificate utilisation towards reducing their CAT liability to zero.falseNormal17truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph4e7c89f9-c29c-4bd6-a844-eb5abc64fef2truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Carbon Additionality Certificates would be rewarded ex-post assessed according to falseNormal17TextText63b117b7-5154-4f7a-bd49-bda20a431f27truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>C:\Documents and Settings\dave\My Documents\Docs\SilvaElm\EnvironmentalReporting\Carbon-Added-Tax excl Tables.sed</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>85b48141-47d4-4cfe-b4e4-69c1f54cc2b1</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>1cf7af5c-7a90-474f-a926-879eed8f8831</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>Uncertainty Based Valuation</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Internal document link to table summarising asymmetic and symmetic uncertainty percentages</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3Uncertainty Based ValuationtrueNormal17Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0.falseNormal17truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph33eb710d-825a-4aca-bc72-6ecfd8c558c1truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0In contrast to the UN's Carbon Offset Platform, no restriction would be imposed on the geographic locationfalseNormal17Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 of CA schemes. For example, a registered enterprise in one country would be allowed to establish a CA scheme in another providing both countries are signatories to a proposed falseNormal17TextText7c54df50-25f3-4aca-aec8-5b2ea203a0e5truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>C:\Documents and Settings\dave\My Documents\Docs\SilvaElm\EnvironmentalReporting\CarbonTaxationMechanism.sed</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>ebf10b80-fc2f-4427-8a64-120cb7a1b358</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>Carbon Taxation Mechanism (CTM)</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Climate Change Finance in context of Carbon Added Tax and Carbon (Tax) Relief Vouchers</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3Carbon Taxation Mechanism (CTM)trueNormal17Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0. Additionality certificates would be valued at the prevailing CAT rate in contrast to the variably priced Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) of the CDM and other openly marketed carbon offsets. Importantly, the CAS would require a globally accessible platform similar to the UN's Carbon Offset Platform but extended to provide the ability of CAT registered enterprises to manage utilisation of their uniquely identified additionality certificates within certain limitations outlined below.falseNormal17truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraphf8163869-32bc-4916-8509-984fc11a7128truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Again, and in contrast to the UN's Carbon Offset Platform, CACs available for purchase within the global marketplace would not identify the generating CAS or its associated CAT registered enterprise. However, the platform would have the ability to search details of registered enterprise funded Carbon AdditionalityfalseNormal17Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 Schemes as part of publically available CAT returns.falseNormal18truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph7d1c83c2-32df-4762-9370-5149f7e91fb1truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Similar to the CDM's registry process of CER cancellation, CACs would be cancelled once utilised towards CAT rate reduction to avoid double counting. falseNormal18truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Sectionac8c23c7-d08b-4b17-b72e-eea3480ff9b3Paragraph69627577-dc9e-410a-aba9-96a6b3ff02ectruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Carbon Additionality Certificate purchase and surrender would be subject to a number of rules for the purpose of CAT accountability. Specifically, CAC purchase would be subject to restrictions according to falseNormal18TextTextb4740825-ec37-4e89-91ee-f9446702930ctruefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>C:\Documents and Settings\dave\My Documents\Docs\SilvaElm\EnvironmentalReporting\CarbonTaxationMechanism.sed</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier>42a2d6f3-4d7d-4d67-a0a5-c807378c4251</DocumentIdentifier><EntityIdentifier>f18dde1f-371c-4537-90ac-182a487ee5d1</EntityIdentifier><FileType>SenseDocument</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>Emissions Scope</DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Emissions are attributed a scope defining the accountability method.</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3Emissions ScopetrueNormal18Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0. falseNormal18truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragrapha22ddf77-6616-4cd5-96c4-18906d170deatruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0A closed group of institutional and commercial activities would have the option to offset CAT liabilityfalseNormal18Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 resulting from their internal value chain operations by CAC purchase - that is, those emissions resulting typically from direct (Scope 1) fossil fuel combustion.falseNormal18truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph0e717297-bbb5-48e1-8947-e08b2b0f293ctruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Carbon Additionality Schemes would have the option to offset deferred CAT output charges resulting from development investment by CAC purchase being explicitely relevant to renewable energy schemes wishing to gain 100% falseNormal18Textd24c84dc-25c6-4c39-b8f5-6baf664a89e8Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0carbon paybackfalseNormal18Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Carbon PaybackfalseMeta18truefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0GHG emissions resulting from a renewable energy development may be offset by carbon capture (e.g sequestation) to achieve 100% renewables statustrueAnnotation18Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0. falseNormal18truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph194ef7b8-337e-4c68-9e1f-13803dae6c82truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Any organisation would have the option to offset CAT liability arising from their (Scope 2) energy usage byfalseNormal18Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 CAC purchase.falseNormal18truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraphac1e1965-2827-47d8-9a2d-916f369b650etruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0CACs would not be used to offset imported (Scope 3) emissions resulting from product and servicefalseNormal18Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 purchase. falseNormal18truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraphcd1f025b-5dfd-490c-9c73-2d9ba1565986truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0In effect, a purchase of a CAC would be the one-to-one transfer of 1 tonne CO2-eq emissions reduction by an accredited scheme to 1 tonne CO2-eq emissions generated by the purchasing, CAT registered, organisation.falseNormal18truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragrapha9a63a5e-6175-4ee9-ae18-d01570652f13truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0The surrender price of CACs to the global market would be at its most previous purchase prices rather than the prevailing CAT rate to prevent buy-sell speculation. falseNormal18truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph61c4f597-afa7-490a-87e5-6105449ff962truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0The purchase price of CACs would be at the prevailing CAT rate with prioritisation based on a first in- first out surrender date basis.falseNormal18truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraphd1b6a28d-2be9-4ff7-a6f8-4ef725fd2c47truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0No resale or transfer of purchased CACs would be allowed between separately CAT registered enterprises. falseNormal18truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraphba929be9-c262-4c0c-ac49-ea778833c421truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0The closed group with the option to purchase CACs would be restricted to those providing public facing services such as passenger rather than materials transportation and end of supply chain institutions without directly chargeable end users. Examples of former include road, rail and air passenger transport, private hospitals, financial service institutions including banks, the hospitality industry, hotels, tour operators with the latter including state financed institutions such as schools, museums, hospitals and government offices. The mandatory requirement would be that CAT liability reduction by CAC purchase should not skewfalseNormal18Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 downstream carbon (GHG emissions) accounting of inorganic and organic products.falseNormal18truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraph71c2bbcb-c062-4c3b-81c6-35ec5e54c778truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0The interplay of considerations between simply paying CAT, the purchase of Carbon Additionality Certificates to offset CAT liability or direct investment into a Carbon Additionality Scheme would be a financial judgement that best matches the circumstances of the organisation and its aspirations regarding public perception of carbon footprint reduction and wider contribution to the meeting of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) outlined in the Paris Agreement.falseNormal18truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraphf0690761-a208-4a29-b466-785362bcd46dtruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Carbon footprint reduction would be best served by the use of CAC's whether by direct purchase or indirect input from investment into a CAS rather than straightforward CAT payment. Although CAT and CAC valuation would be nominally interchangeable both in monetary and tonnes CO2-eq terms, CACs would provide afalseNormal18Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 tangible emissions reduction in contrast to CAT payment which would be directed to the less quantifiable SDG benefits of Carbon Relief Voucher (CRV) financing. falseNormal19truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragrapha0589746-2187-4a7c-868a-151dc4b56115truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Beyond carbon offsetting, a financial benefit in CACs would be their (overcompensation) purchase as a financial hedge against a rising CAT rate. Simply put, in order for an organisation to achieve emissions neutrality, it would need to balance CAC purchase against CAT within any accounting period. However, uncertainties in the exact levels of internal organisation emissions within an accounting period wouldfalseNormal19Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 mandate the organisation to over-purchase CACs with an allowable excess (10% limit) rollover to the next accounting period.falseNormal19truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraphd3f202b5-fdaa-4615-a0d7-c3c7a6120c7etruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0The surrender to the global certification marketplace of any CAC excess beyond the 10% rollover allowance would be required. CAC remuneration to the surrending organisation would be its original purchase pricefalseNormal19Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 once that CAC had been resold with any difference between resale and original pricing being directed towards global marketplace running costs.falseNormal19truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00truefalseText537d5b2e-ddbd-4372-b3a9-af9ebd7e8fddtruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse05.2.1.1. trueNormal18Texttruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0CAC falseNormal18Texttruefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Purchase and SurrenderfalseNormal18001truefalsetruefalsefalse0003false1600Defaulttruetrue0000000000Arabicfalsefalse0Tabfalse4Sectionc4e664e9-9d09-4101-b5b7-36ab99da57d4Paragraph351f109f-044b-450c-b5f0-246531a9d721truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Any CAT registered enterprise would have the option to invest into a CAS in order to generate income from CACs via allocation to the global marketplace. CAC reward would be dependent on the nature of the CAS which in turn would dictate the ultimate lifetime of the scheme. falseNormal19truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Paragraphe7baa73c-2246-47ef-9b74-327cbc69a3f7truefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Schemes based on LULUCF would be expected to have relatively long term lifetimes, both on initialfalseNormal19Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 realisation of CAC reward and subsequent medium/long term maturity where additionality becomes statistically unverifiable. 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In circumstances where initial investment costs were wholly or part funded by CRVs such as for CAT registered individuals and collectives, CRVs would be regarded as part of the initial investment costed at their issued CAT rate valuation. falseNormal19truefalsefalsefalsetrue0003false1200DefaulttruefalsetruefalsetruefalseNormal00Sectionb39fa7ca-c909-44fd-9c7a-6c12590fbb40Paragraph190653e8-6c4e-4554-a198-509ab89a9bfbtruefalseTexttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0Historically, to qualify as a falseNormal19TextTextc35431ac-b9bc-4427-9d2d-adf429db15eetruefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><ClipboardLinkObject xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><PathName>https://cdm.unfccc.int/Panels/ssc_wg/SSCWG10_repan_04_rev_AMS_I.A</PathName><RelativePath /><DocumentIdentifier /><EntityIdentifier /><FileType>Uri</FileType><LinkType>ExternalAbsolutePath</LinkType><LinkActivation>ProcessStart</LinkActivation><DisplayText>CDM renewable electricity project </DisplayText><Superscript>false</Superscript><Tooltip>Renewable Energy Projects capacity limit of 15MW - Methodological Tool 21</Tooltip><Tag /><Attributes /></ClipboardLinkObject>falseXRef-1truefalsetruefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalse3CDM renewable electricity project trueNormal19Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0, capacity would be no greater than 15MW and be required to demonstrate additionality for small scale projects or even micro scale projects. However,falseNormal19Texttruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse0 i